CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: COITUS INTERRUPTUS AND THE RHYTHM METHOD

Coitus Interruptus
Perhaps the oldest recorded method of birth control is coitus interruptus, the withdrawal of the penis from the vagina just before the ejaculation of the sperm. Because some semen usually leaks from the penis before ejaculation, and because many men find it difficult to withdraw at the appropriate moment during sexual intercourse, coitus interruptus results in approximately 18 pregnancies per 100 women per year. Nevertheless, coitus interruptus is used extensively worldwide with some notable exceptions, including the United States where only approximately 2 percent of couples trust so-called withdrawal methods.
The Rhythm Method
The rhythm method is a mode of contraception based on a couple’s awareness of the fact that fertilization can take place only within approximately 15 hours of ovulation. If a couple becomes attuned to the rhythm of the woman’s month-long reproductive cycle, the couple can abstain from sexual intercourse during the woman’s fertile days. The advantage of this mode of contraception is that it enables the couple to learn a great deal about how the female body works. But this knowledge is not easily obtained. A woman must be systematic enough to observe and record data about her reproductive cycle. Moreover, a couple must be disciplined enough to act consistently on this information. Indeed, several studies have found that accidental pregnancies among rhythm method-using couples are usually the result of failed abstinence and not of some inability to master one of the three methods devised for determining fertility: the calendar method, the basal body temperature method, and the mucus pattern method.
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FERTILITY IN OBESE WOMEN

Fertility is reduced by the abnormal hormonal environment outlined in Q3.6, which interferes with normal reproductive function and results in irregular and anovulatory cycles. Estimates differ, but obesity probably accounts for 6% of primary infertility, and underweight another 6%; some studies put the level of diet related infertility as high as 30%. Over 70% of women who are infertile because of body-weight anomalies will conceive spontaneously on losing weight and as little as 5% weight loss has been shown to achieve increased fertility rates. Overweight and obesity in men is also associated with infertility. The mechanism by which this occurs is less clear but infertility is probably a result of abnormal testosterone levels.
Overweight and obesity are vital factors for many infertile couples; they should be made aware that obesity can drastically reduce fertility and that regaining a healthy weight is often all that it takes to resume reproductive function. Having been informed at the earliest stage of consultation and investigation that their weight problems might be causing their infertility, patients have the chance to consider the best way forward for them, and whether losing weight – supported or on their own – is their favoured approach. Weight loss can save many couples the time, expense and distress of infertility treatment. Obesity and overweight should not be ignored in the evaluation of infertility; weight management should be considered as a first-line treatment.
Not only is a couple’s fertility affected by obesity, but their chances of undergoing successful IVF treatment are also reduced. Even if IVF treatment is successful, obese women have a higher risk of complications and miscarriage. Women with a BMI 30-35 have 50% extra risk, women with BMI over 35 up to twice the risk of miscarriage. Obese women should attempt to lose weight in a bid to become pregnant naturally or, failing that, to at least give themselves the greatest chance of succeeding with the resulting IVF procedure.
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DIABETES NOWADAYS

The word diabetes comes from a Greek word meaning fountain, so-named because the striking symptom of the disease is the pouring from the body of considerable amounts of urine containing sugar. Diabetes is not infectious. To some extent it is inherited, but it is a recessive and tends to breed out of the family. If a person with diabetes marries one who does not have the disease and whose family shows no record of the disease, there is no reason to expect that the children will have diabetes. If two people who are diabetic marry and their histories show a considerable number of cases among the ancestors, it is quite likely that their children will have this disease. Nowadays, a diabetic person who follows instructions as to hygiene and who is in contact with a physician who controls his diet and the use of insulin, can have a normal life-expectancy. He must, however, avoid overeating, avoid infections, test the urine for sugar frequently (at least twice a week) to make sure that the status of the disease is not progressing and take the necessary measures to avoid acidosis or coma. New drugs have been discovered which, taken by mouth, will lower blood sugar.
Juvenile diabetes was once invariably fatal. Children now have a normal life-expectancy, with proper treatment.
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GENETIC FACTORS OF DIABETES

Diabetes shows a strong familial aggregation and occurence of diabetes in several members of a family is a common observation. There is a high prevalence of diabetes in children, if both or one of the parents are suffering from diabetes (Type-2).
If Diabetes Chances of Development
in of Diabetes in Children
Both Parents……………………………………………………….. 99%
One parent & other parent from a diabetic family……. 70%
One parent………………………………………………………….. 40%
Any of the family member…………………………………….. 20%
Adapted from Vishwanathan et al. N.N.D.U. proceeding 1992
It is generally agreed that a diabetic should be advised, not to marry another diabetic and if married then not to have children. Secondly, it is advised that close relatives of the diabetes patient should also undergo periodical blood sugar and medical checkup to prevent and detect diabetes at an early stage.
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Аллергия

Антитела – основные факторы иммунитета, направленные против чужеродных веществ, попадающих в организм. Производятся антитела в строго определённых местах организма: костном мозге, селезёнке, лимфатических узлах. Исключительно важную роль играет вилочковая железа (тимус), которая защищена грудиной. Все эти органы относятся к системе иммунитета. Иммунитет – единственная и очень надёжная система, охраняющая целостность организма человека от агрессии внешней среды.

Главная роль во всех ответах иммунитета отводится лимфоцитам, которые производятся в органах иммунитета. Определённая часть лимфоцитарных стволовых клеток производит иммуноглобулины (антитела), которые циркулируют в крови. Эти лимфоциты называют В-лимфоцитами. Именно В-лимфоциты производят 5 классов иммуноглобулинов – ИгА, ИгЖ, ИгМ, ИгЕ и ИгД.

Больше всего производиться ИгЖ, ИгА и ИгМ – они защищают организм от воздействия бесчисленного количества вирусов и микробов. Содержание в организме здорового человека ИгЕ – низкое, но оно резко повышается при возникновении аллергической реакции.

Часть лимфоидных стволовых клеток поступает в вилочковую железу (тимус), в ней эти клетки созревают и, выходят тимус-зависимыми, или Т-лимфоцитами. Эти Т-лимфоциты также являются клеточными антителами, но это особые антитела. Они играют выдающуюся роль в реакциях защиты организма против чужеродных субстанций. Различают несколько субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов: Т-хелперы (помощники), Т-супрессоры (подавляющие), Т-киллеры (убийцы). Субпопуляции Т-клеток взаимодействуют друг с другом и регулируют продукцию В-лимфоцитами всех классов иммуноглобулинов.

Аллергены. Вещества, способные вызвать аллергическую реакцию, называются аллергенами. Аллергены попадают в организм человека различными путями – с воздухом и пищей, через рот, через дыхательные пути, через кожу, а иногда и при инъекциях.

Аллергенами могут быть самые разнообразные вещества: пищевые продукты животного или растительного происхождения, пыльца растений, лекарства, домашняя пыль, перо птиц, шерсть и перхоть домашних животных, корм для рыбок, различные бактерии и вирусы, а также химические вещества (ядохимикаты, лаки и многое др.).

Выделяют следующие большие группы аллергенов:

1. Аллергены, поступающие в организм извне (экзогенные), к которым относятся:

- бытовые (домашняя пыль (клещи), шерсть и перхоть домашних животных, пух и перья птиц, корм для аквариумных рыбок и пр.);

- пищевые (яичные белок и желток, шоколад, какао, рыба, икра, коровье молоко, апельсины, мёд, клубника, пшеничная мука, орехи, томаты и другие продукты);

- пыльцевые (пыльца различных растений, деревьев, кустарников, луговых трав, цветов берёзы, ольхи, тополя, ржи, овсяницы, тимофеевки, амброзии и др.);

- лекарственные аллергены;

- химические и промышленные аллергены;

- бактериальные, грибковые и вирусные аллергены.

2. Аллергены собственного организма (эндогенные).

Иногда, когда ткани собственного организма подвергаются каким-либо вредным воздействиям (химические вещества, радиация, воспалительный процесс, вызванный микробами или вирусами), иммунная система, по неизвестным пока причинам, перестаёт узнавать ткани организма (их называют аутоаллергенами) как собственные и начинает на них вырабатывать антитела (их называют аутоантителами). Такой процесс называют аутоаллергическим. Аутоаллергические процессы играют большую негативную роль в развитии таких заболеваний как ревматизм, красная волчанка, нефрит и многие другие.

 

 

Что же происходит, когда аллергены попадают в организм человека?

Попадая первый раз в организм, аллергены сразу соединяются с поверхностными клетками различных органов (в зависимости от того, каким путём попал в организм аллерген). Иногда некоторые аллергены проникают внутрь клеток.

Первая фаза. После попадания аллергена в организм, на поверхности клеток сразу начинается его распознавание (свой-чужой) и вырабатываются специфические только к этому аллергену антитела. Эти антитела отличаются от нормальных, защитных. Называют их агрессивными антителами. Они относятся к ИгE. ИгЕ оседает на поверхности тучных клеток, которые в огромном количестве располагаются в слизистых оболочках носа, лёгких, бронхов, кишечника и т.п., а также внутри кожи. Тучные клетки содержат большое количество специфических веществ, называемых медиаторами. Эта фаза имеет медицинский термин – иммунологическая фаза. Теперь организм готов к повторной встрече с аллергеном.

Вторая фаза. Когда аллерген попадает в организм повторно, ИгЕ распознаёт его, воздействует на тучную клетку. Она «взрывается» и выбрасывает медиаторы на окружающие её ткани. Медиаторы обладают способностью вызывать в тканях ряд изменений: расширять капилляры, снижать артериальное давление, вызывать спазм гладких мышц (в частности, бронхов), нарушать проницаемость сосудов, в результате развиваются нарушения деятельности того органа, в котором произошла встреча поступившего аллергена с антителом. Эту фазу аллергической реакции называют патофизиологической – эта фазу чувствует больной, её уже видит врач, потому что развивается клиническая картина аллергического заболевания.

Клиническая картина зависит от того, каким путём и в какой орган поступил аллерген и где произошла аллергическая реакция, и от того, каким был аллерген, а также от его количества.

Аллергические реакции могут развиваться быстро – в течение 20 мин – 1 ч после встречи с аллергенами, в этом случае, реакция называется немедленной или реакцией первого типа. К аллергическим реакциям немедленного типа относятся: аллергический шок, крапивница, отёк Квинке, приступ бронхиальной астмы.

Однако возможно развитие аллергии через много часов после воздействия аллергена. Это – замедленная аллергическая реакция. К аллергическим реакциям замедленного типа относятся контактные дерматиты, экзема и т.п.

Итак, особое значение для развития аллергии имеют аллергические антитела – иммуноглобулины класса Е (ИгЕ). Они обнаруживаются у лиц с аллергией в очень больших количествах. Они прочно соединяются с тучными клетками и очень специфичны (каждому аллергену – свои ИгЕ антитела).

Медиаторы – биологически активные вещества. К ним относятся: гистамин, лейкотриены, простагландины. В результате действия этих веществ в органах, в которых произошла встреча аллергена с ИгЕ, повышается проницаемость сосудистой стенки, развиваются отёк, спазм сосудов, сокращение мышц и падает артериальное давление. Такой орган принято называть шоковым. К «шоковому» органу под действием выделяемых факторов устремляются эозинофилы. Их можно обнаружить у аллергиков в больших количествах в крови, в слизи носа и бронхов. Вырабатывается также фактор, активизирующий тромбоциты.

Важнейшим из медиаторов является гистамин. Он вызывает образование характерного волдыря, похожего на возникающий при ожоге крапивой.

Гистамин у здоровых людей содержится в небольших количествах, и, кроме того, в крови здоровых людей содержатся вещества, способные связывать гистамин. При аллергических заболеваниях немедленного типа (первого типа) в крови и тканях обнаруживается гистамин в больших количествах, а способность связывать гистамин у таких больных снижена.

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CHRONIC CONFUSION: SYPHILIS

Syphilis is a venereal disease that is usually sexually transmitted. The state of the disease that can cause mental changes such as confusion occurs many years (often twenty or more) after the initial infection. The first stages may have been missed (painless lesions on the genitals and then rashes) or the infection may have been inadequately treated at the time. Any person with a chronic confusional state must have a blood test for syphilis. If it proves positive, some doctors also insist on a lumbar puncture to test the fluid in the spinal canal for syphilis as well. Sometimes the blood test is positive, indicating previous infection, but the spinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) is negative, showing that the infection is not causing the confusion and does not need to be treated. Some doctors do not insist on a lumbar puncture but treat according to the blood tests.
If treatment is necessary it usually consists of daily penicillin injections for about three weeks. The spouse may also have the infection and so positive cases are usually referred to the department of genito-urinary medicine so that skilled counselors can interview relatives and explain the need for further tests on them. The sooner the infection is treated the better the results. By the time the disease has caused a confusional state, complete recovery of full mental faculties is unlikely.
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CONJUNCTIVITIS TREATMENTS

Doctors often prescribe antibiotic drops for bacterial conjunctivitis. Frequently, antibiotics are also prescribed for viral infections to help prevent bacteria from invading, since bacteria may infect the conjunctivia weakened by the virus.
Consumers should be careful in the use of eye drops which   contain   corticosteroids.   While   this   hormonal-based remedy is effective, it can increase the pressure on the eye. Those with a herpes simplex eye infection, moreover, should not use the drops due to the very real possibility they will aggravate the infection.
A weak wash, made of the herb, Chamomile, relieves the inflamed eye and cures conjunctivitis, according to herbalists. Chamomile, one of the oldest and most versatile of medicinal herbs, was known to ancient Egyptian physicians, and is still widely used in Europe today. Chamomile can also be used in compress form to relieve “pink eye.”
Swedish Bitters, in addition to its curative powers over cataracts, also relieves tired eyes. Apply the herbal mixture to the closed eyelid in the same manner as prescribed for the cataract treatment.
In many instances, removing the original irritant is sufficient treatment for conjunctivitis. For example, if sustained sunlight prompted the irritation, then keeping your eyes out of the sun for a while and wearing dark glasses are the best remedies.
Eyelid infections such as a stye, an infection of an eyelid oil gland can also happen. Eyelid infections are potentially serious since the organisms can travel into blood vessels that connect directly with the brain. Antibiotic pills, lid scrubs, and hot compresses may be needed.
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STAYING YOUNG, ENERGETIC AND SEXY: RNA-DNA PROGRAMME AND HIGH-PEP ENERGY REGIMEN

Basic Vitamin-Mineral RNA-DNA Programme
Along with proper diet, a good supplement regimen is important to the success of an RNA-DNA program. I’ve found that the following works best:
High-potency multiple vitamin with chelated minerals [time release preferred] a.m. and p.m.
Vitamin С, 1,000 mg. with bioflavonoids, a.m. and p.m.
Vitamin E, 400 IU [dry form] with antioxidants a.m. and p.m.
RNA-DNA, 100-mg. tablets, 1 daily for one month, then 2 daily for the next month, then 3 daily thereafter, 6 days a week
Stress В complex a.m. and p.m.
High-Pep Energy Regimen
Whether you want to feel good, or just look good, exercise, diet, and the right supplements are the tickets to high energy.
If you’re not into jogging, can’t afford the sneakers, don’t play tennis, find yourself reluctant to swim in twenty-below weather, and hate calisthenics, I have the perfect exercise for you — jumping rope.
A jump rope is inexpensive, convenient [you can take it everywhere], and lots of fun to use. And it works! In terms of calories burned, jumping rope can outdo bicycling, tennis and swimming. An average person of about 150 pounds uses up 720 calories an hour jumping rope [120 to 140 turns per minute]. When you realize that an hour of tennis uses up only 420 calories, you have a better idea of just how good jumping rope can be for you.
For keeping energy high, remember to eat a combination of two protein foods [or a protein drink], at each meal; drink at least six glasses of water daily [a half hour before or after meals]; avoid refined sugar, flour, tobacco, alcohol, tea, coffee, soft drinks, processed and fried foods.
A good pep-up protein drink:
2 tbsp. protein powder
1 tbsp. lecithin powder
2 tbsp. acidophilus liquid 1 tbsp. nutritional yeast
1 tbsp. safflower oil [optional]
Blend with milk, water, or juice in blender for 1 minute.
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GENERAL HEALTH

WIDOWHOOD: WIDOWED PERSONS’ GROUPS

Strongly consider joining a widowed persons’ group, even if you have an abundance of friends and are not the joining type. During the past few decades widowed persons’ services have become widespread, sponsored by community centers, associations for the elderly and religious organizations. There is a reason for their popularity. In dealing with this type of wrenching loss, people need all the help they can get.
Your local office for the aging will have information about these programs. So will the Widowed Persons’ Service operated by the American Association of Retired Persons. Or look in the Yellow Pages under “widows” or “widowed persons’ services.” The most logical place to begin your search for a group is a place you already feel comfortable going, such as your church.
Generally, widowed persons’ services either offer individual counseling in which a trained (less recently widowed) volunteer visits you regularly or operate groups where widows and widowers meet to discuss their feelings and offer each other concrete help and emotional support.
Widowed persons’ groups are for normal people, not those who are emotionally disturbed. They offer a place where you can feel comfortable about expressing all your concerns – from the fear of going crazy to “silly” worries such as “How do I make coffee?” or “How do I check into a hotel?” Attending a group can also offer more subtle benefits.
Because I am a private person, I hated to tell my friends and relatives how out of control and lost I felt. There were so many practical things I needed to know: how to manage the money, how to deal with my mother-in-law, how to tell my children tactfully that they were treating me like a child. The widows’ group was a perfect solution. Even though not everyone there was just like me, our meetings gave me the chance to compare. Best of all, I was transformed from “poor Mrs. Johnson who needs sympathy” to “Mrs. Johnson who is able to reach out to others in need.” Once I found myself being helpful to other group members, I knew I would make it. I realized I could help myself too.
Consult as many books on widowhood as you can. There are now guides to handling problems ranging from the most pragmatic (dealing with the funeral director, paying estate taxes) to the most abstract (getting through the day). Visit your library or bookstore. There are so many things to educate you about!
This tragedy does have a silver lining. It is a chance to experience the love of family and friends and a chance to know yourself. In spite of their difficulties, many of Lopata’s Chicago widows said their husbands’ deaths had taught them an important lesson. They were stronger and more capable than they had ever thought.
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GENERAL HEALTH

YOUR CHILD’S HEALTH CARE/ GENITAL, GROIN AND URINARY TRACT PROBLEMS: SCROTAL SWELLING

Hydrocoele

A hydrocoele is a soft swelling in the scrotum caused by a collection of fluid around the testicle. It does not cause pain. The fluid has been pushed down into the scrotum via a channel connected to the abdominal cavity. A hydrocoele may often be present at birth, and usually disappears after the child is 1 year old. It rarely needs any surgical intervention. If your child has any scrotal swelling, it is advisable to have your doctor check it. Sometimes hernias can be present at the same time as a hydrocoele.

Varicocoele

A varicocoele usually occurs after puberty. It is an abnormal enlargement of the veins around the testicle. It generally presents as a swelling around the testicle, usually the left one. A varicoele feels like a bundle of worms. If not treated sperm production may be affected. Treatment is surgical, and you should consult your doctor if you suspect that your child has a varicocoele.

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